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الحج by proxy (الحج al-Badal) allows someone to perform الحج on behalf of a person who cannot do it themselves due to permanent illness, old age, or death. The proxy must have already performed their own واجب الحج first. They enter الإحرام with the intention for the represented person. All rituals are performed normally. The reward goes to the represented person.
Proxy الحج is permitted for: permanent illness/disability, elderly too frail to travel, or a deceased person who had not performed واجب الحج. NOT permitted for: healthy persons, temporary illness, or those who simply lack funds.
The proxy must: be Muslim, have performed their own واجب الحج, be trustworthy and knowledgeable about الحج rituals, and agree willingly. A woman can perform on behalf of a man and vice versa. Family members are preferred but not required.
These are the most frequent errors pilgrims make during this stage of Hajj.
Scholarly references supporting this guidance from established Islamic sources.
At the الميقات, the proxy makes the intention: 'Labbayk Allahumma Hajjan an [full name].' If the proxy forgets the name during التلبية, having made the intention in the heart is sufficient.
The proxy performs every ritual exactly as for their own الحج: الإحرام, منى, عرفة, مزدلفة, stoning, sacrifice, shaving, الطواف al-Ifadah, السعي, الطواف al-Wida. The proxy should make دعاء for both the represented person and themselves.
Expenses should be borne by the represented person or their estate. The proxy should not profit financially. If compensation for time/effort is offered, it is جائز. The sacrifice cost is also from the represented person's funds.