Hz. Peygamber's Farewell Pilgrimage (Hajjat al-Wada)

In the tenth year after Hijrah (632 CE), Prophet Muhammad (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) announced his intention to perform Hac. Muslims from across the Arabian Peninsula converged on Medine to accompany him. He departed on the 25th of Dhul Qa'dah, entering Ihram at Dhul Hulayfah with the Telbiye: 'Labbayk Allahumma Labbayk.' Historical estimates place the number of companions at 90,000 to over 124,000. Hz. Peygamber seemed to sense this would be his final Hac, telling his companions repeatedly: 'Learn your rituals from me, for I do not know whether I will be performing Hac after this year.' He passed away approximately 80 days later.

On the 9th of Dhul Hijjah, standing at Arafah on his camel, Hz. Peygamber delivered the Farewell Sermon — one of the most significant addresses in human history. He declared: 'All mankind is from Adam and Eve. An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor a non-Arab over an Arab; a white has no superiority over a black, nor a black over a white — except by piety and good action.' He abolished usury, declared the sanctity of every Muslim's blood, property, and honor, enjoined the rights of women, and reminded the community of their accountability before Allah. He concluded by asking the vast assembly: 'Have I conveyed the message?' When they affirmed, he said, 'O Allah, bear witness.'

Hz. Peygamber performed every ritual of Hac with meticulous care, knowing it would serve as the permanent model. He prayed Dhuhr and Asr combined at Arafah, departed for Muzdelife after sunset, combined Maghrib and Isha there, collected pebbles, departed after Fajr for Mina, stoned the large Cemerat with seven pebbles, supervised the sacrifice of 100 camels (personally slaughtering 63), shaved his head, and performed Tavaf al-Ifadhah. When companions asked about performing rituals out of sequence, he consistently answered, 'Do it, there is no harm.' His flexibility established that the sequence of rituals on the 10th of Dhul Hijjah is sunnet (sunnah) but not farz.

During the afternoon of Arafah, a momentous verse was revealed: 'This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as your religion' (Kur'an 5:3). When Umar ibn al-Khattab heard this verse, he wept, understanding that the perfection of the religion implied Hz. Peygamber's mission was nearing completion. This verse, revealed at the climactic moment of the only comprehensive Hac Hz. Peygamber performed, creates an inseparable bond between Hac and the completion of Islam itself.