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عرفات / جبل الرحمة
The Plain of Arafat, located 20 km southeast of Makkah, is the site of the Wuquf (standing) — the most essential rite of Hajj performed on the 9th of Dhul Hijjah. The Prophet said 'Hajj is Arafat.' Jabal ar-Rahmah (Mount of Mercy) rises 70 meters at the plain's center, where the Prophet delivered his Farewell Sermon to over 100,000 companions.
The Plain of Arafat holds a unique and irreplaceable position in the Hajj pilgrimage. Islamic tradition relates that it was at Arafat where Prophet Adam and Hawwa (Eve) were reunited after their descent from Paradise — the name 'Arafat' is derived from the Arabic root 'arafa' (to know/recognize), referring to their recognition of one another. The plain is also known as the place where Ibrahim (Abraham) was tested and shown the rituals of Hajj by the angel Jibril (Gabriel). The defining historical event at Arafat is the Farewell Sermon (Khutbat al-Wada') of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), delivered on the 9th of Dhul Hijjah, 10 AH (March 632 CE). Standing on the back of his camel at the base of Jabal ar-Rahmah, the Prophet addressed an estimated 100,000 to 140,000 companions. In this landmark address, he proclaimed the sanctity of life, property, and honor; established the equality of all people regardless of race; affirmed the rights of women; abolished usury and blood feuds of the pre-Islamic era; and declared: 'I have left among you that which, if you hold fast to it, you will never go astray: the Book of Allah.' It was during this sermon that the final verse of the Quran was revealed: 'This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion' (5:3). Jabal ar-Rahmah (the Mount of Mercy) is a granite hill rising approximately 70 meters above the plain, topped by a white pillar that has become an iconic landmark. While standing at the mount itself carries no additional religious merit over standing anywhere else on the plain, it has become one of the most recognizable symbols of Hajj. The Prophet (peace be upon him) stood at the rocky area at the base of the mount, not at its summit, during his Hajj. The Plain of Arafat extends over approximately 18 square kilometers of mostly flat, arid terrain about 20 kilometers southeast of Makkah. The area is defined by specific boundaries (hudud), and pilgrims must be within these boundaries for their standing (wuquf) to be valid. Masjid Namirah, a large mosque at the western edge of the plain, is notable because its front portion technically lies outside the Arafat boundary — pilgrims praying there must ensure they are in the section within the boundary. The Saudi government has extensively developed the area with roads, tunnels, water misting systems, tent cities, and medical facilities to serve the millions of pilgrims who converge on this plain every year on a single day.
The Day of Arafat (Yawm al-Arafah) is considered the greatest day in the Islamic calendar. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: 'There is no day on which Allah frees more people from the Fire than the Day of Arafat. He draws near, then boasts of them before the angels, saying: What do these people want?' (Muslim). He also said: 'The best supplication is the supplication on the Day of Arafat, and the best thing that I and the prophets before me said is: La ilaha illa Allah, wahdahu la sharika lah, lahul-mulk wa lahul-hamd, wa huwa ala kulli shay'in qadir' (Tirmidhi). The wuquf at Arafat is the pillar (rukn) of Hajj without which the pilgrimage is entirely void — no other rite can compensate for its absence. Scholars describe it as the moment of greatest proximity between the servant and the Creator, a day of mercy, forgiveness, and emancipation from the Hellfire. For non-pilgrims, fasting on the 9th of Dhul Hijjah is highly recommended, with the Prophet stating that it expiates the sins of the previous year and the coming year (Muslim). The gathering at Arafat is also seen as a rehearsal for the Day of Judgment, when all of humanity will stand before Allah on a vast plain awaiting their reckoning.
The Plain of Arafat is accessible only during the Hajj season, specifically on the 9th of Dhul Hijjah (Yawm al-Arafah). Pilgrims depart from Mina after Fajr prayer and must be present within the boundaries of Arafat from the time the sun passes its zenith (Dhuhr) until sunset. This standing (wuquf) is the single most critical rite of Hajj — without it, the entire Hajj is invalid, as the Prophet stated: 'Hajj is Arafat' (Abu Dawud, Tirmidhi, Nasa'i, and Ibn Majah). The Saudi Hajj authorities organize pilgrims into camps arranged by nationality and tour group. Each camp is equipped with tents, water supplies, toilet facilities, and misting fans. Temperatures on the day of Arafat can exceed 45 degrees Celsius, and heatstroke is a serious risk. Pilgrims are strongly advised to carry an umbrella, wear light-colored clothing, drink water continuously, and use the misting stations provided throughout the plain. Medical teams and ambulances are stationed across the area. At Masjid Namirah, the imam delivers the Hajj sermon and leads the combined and shortened Dhuhr and Asr prayers. While attending the sermon at Namirah is not obligatory, the practice of combining and shortening these prayers is sunnah for all pilgrims regardless of their location on the plain. After sunset, pilgrims depart for Muzdalifah in what is one of the largest synchronized human movements on Earth. The roads connecting Arafat to Muzdalifah are exclusively pedestrian corridors during this period, and the journey of approximately 9 kilometers typically takes 3-6 hours on foot.